O'Reilly on Twitter

O'Reilly's argument has me thinking that I might try twitter again.

Book: Automating UNIX and Linux Administration

Note to self: I need to get more of this. Update: See about joining LISA.

Take that spammers

My spam filter has not been working as hard recently. I wonder if it's related to the recent spam bust.

OpenSSL CLI

I like to telnet into ports and speak the protocol a little to make sure a server is doing what it's supposed to do. This gives you more information than just configuring a client with that you would like it to use. When testing ports secured with SSL you can still do this with the OpenSSL Command Line tools.

multicore in python as a scripting language

As posted on Python-list:

Use Python threads if you need to run IO operations in parallel. Do not use Python threads if you need to run computations in parallel. [Use mpi4py for parallel computations.]

So if you're using Python as a nicer-than-shell scripting language to trigger CPU intensive processes that the OS could easily pass to different cores via two terminals or just '&', what do you use? Threads.

Inspired by a basic threading tutorial I whipped up a quick script to give a multicore *nix box a quick workout: search the hard drive for random strings via the find command. This is IO intensive as said on Python-list. It's also CPU intensive but in this case Python's interface with the CPU intensive process is to wait while os.popen() does the work, i.e. wait for IO. Thus, simple threads work well for this.

The basic tutorial's first two examples include simple threads and then locks. The locks are there to keep the threads synchronized so that they wait for each other. This is good if each is sharing a resource like writing to the same file but is the opposite of what I'm after in this case. I've combined both examples to make it easy to flip back and forth between them. Running top in another terminal let's you see how the other cores are being used. As a final step I remove the sleep calls from the simple threads.

#!/usr/bin/env python                                                                           
import time
import thread
import os

def simple_function(string,sleeptime,junk,*args):
  while 1:
    print string
    # not sleeping, full attack mode 
    # time.sleep(sleeptime)                     
    cmd = "find / -name " + junk
    output = os.popen(cmd).read()
    print output

def lock_function(string,sleeptime,junk,lock,*args):
  while 1:
    # entering critical                                                             
    lock.acquire()
    print string," Now Sleeping after Lock acquired for ",sleeptime
    time.sleep(sleeptime)
    cmd = "find / -name " + junk
    output = os.popen(cmd).read()
    print output
    print string," Now releasing lock and then sleeping again"
    lock.release()
    #exiting critical                                                              
    time.sleep(sleeptime)                                       

if __name__=="__main__":
  no_multi_core = 0 
  # have 8 corese, so false                                                 
  if (no_multi_core):
    lock=thread.allocate_lock()
    thread.start_new_thread(lock_function,("Thread No:1",2,"foo",lock))
    thread.start_new_thread(lock_function,("Thread No:2",2,"bar",lock))
    thread.start_new_thread(lock_function,("Thread No:3",3,"bar",lock))
    thread.start_new_thread(lock_function,("Thread No:4",4,"baz",lock))
    thread.start_new_thread(lock_function,("Thread No:5",5,"qux",lock))
    thread.start_new_thread(lock_function,("Thread No:6",5,"quux",lock))
    thread.start_new_thread(lock_function,("Thread No:7",5,"corge",lock))
    thread.start_new_thread(lock_function,("Thread No:8",5,"grault",lock))
  else: # imporove w/ loop
    thread.start_new_thread(simple_function,("Thread No:1",2,"foo"))
    thread.start_new_thread(simple_function,("Thread No:2",2,"bar"))
    thread.start_new_thread(simple_function,("Thread No:3",3,"bar"))
    thread.start_new_thread(simple_function,("Thread No:4",4,"baz"))
    thread.start_new_thread(simple_function,("Thread No:5",5,"qux"))
    thread.start_new_thread(simple_function,("Thread No:6",5,"quux"))
    thread.start_new_thread(simple_function,("Thread No:7",5,"corge"))
    thread.start_new_thread(simple_function,("Thread No:8",5,"grault"))
  while 1:pass

Here's a screen cap of top with eight find commands spawned immediately with no_multi_core set to false. This variable name is probably a little chauvinistic but I've emphasized the example for my original goal: use Python to script lots of IO work and use many cores.

Update

I've updated this to optimally run for desired_thread_count users at a time from a file. I originally had a scheduling bug whose fix was to put the actual_thread_count increment in main as opposed to the function call; my original code. Tuns out that more than desired_thread_count threads were running. They were spawned before any thread could update the variable to keep future spawn calls from sleeping.

#!/usr/bin/env python
import time
import thread
import os
# global variables
the_file = "users.txt"
desired_thread_count = 8
actual_thread_count = 0
# -------------------------------------------------------
def find(lock,count,user):
    global desired_thread_count
    global actual_thread_count
    # do the work
    print "T:" + str(count) + " of " + str(actual_thread_count) + " " + user
    cmd = "find / -name " + user + " 2> /dev/null"
    os.popen(cmd)
    lock.acquire() # we're done, let someone else go
    actual_thread_count = actual_thread_count - 1 
    lock.release()
# -------------------------------------------------------
if __name__=="__main__":
    i = 0
    lock = thread.allocate_lock()
    try:
        f = open(the_file)
        try:
            for line in f:
                user = line.strip().split(',')[0]
                i += 1
                while (actual_thread_count >= desired_thread_count):
                    time.sleep(2) # wait to run, if necessary
                lock.acquire() # one update at a time
                actual_thread_count = actual_thread_count + 1
                lock.release()
                thread.start_new_thread(find,(lock,i,user))
        finally:
            while (actual_thread_count > 0):
                time.sleep(2) # wait for threads to finish
            f.close()
    except IOError:
        sys.exit("Unable to open the file " + the_file)

Update 2: Note the addition above of an extra loop after the finally. This keeps the program alive until the threads finish. Without this the program would end while the last threads are still running and they wouldn't finish their computations.